ANTHURIUM

ANTHURIUM

Anthurium Schott 1829, is a large neotropical genus of about 600- 800 (possibly 1,000) species, belonging to the arum family (Araceae). It is the largest and probably the most complex genus of this family. Many species are undoubtedly not described yet and new ones are being found every year.
They grow in the most diverse habitats, mostly in wet tropical mountain forest of Central America and South America, but some in semi-arid environments. Most species occur in Panama, Colombia and Ecuador.
Anthurium grows in the many forms, mostly evergreen, bushy or climbing epiphytes with relatively few roots. They occur also as terrestrials or lithophytes. Some are only found in association with arboreal ant colonies or growing on rocks in midstream (such as A. amnicola).
The stems are short to elongate with a length between 15 and 30 cm. The simple leaves come in many shapes. Most leaves are to be found at the end of the stem. They can be spatulate, rounded, or obtuse at the apex. They may be erect or spreading in a rosette, with a length up to 40 cm. The upper surface is matted or semiglossy. The leaves are petiolate. In drier environments, the leaves can take a bird's-nest-shape rosette that enables the plant to collect water. Terrestrials or epiphytes usually have cordate leaves. Some grow as vines with rosettes of lanceolate leaves. Some species have many-lobed leaves.
The flowers are small (about 3 mm) and develop crowded in a spike with a fleshy axis and called a spadix, a characteristic of the arums. This spadix can take on many forms (club-shaped, tapered, spiraled, and globe-shaped) and colors (white, green, purple, red, pink, or a combination).
Usually just below the flower spike lies a colorful, solitary spathe: a showy modified bract that can be somewhat leathery in texture. The spathe consists of a tightly packed column of spirally arranged, tiny flowers. The spathe can vary in color from pale green to white, rose, orange or shiny red (such as A. andrenaum). The color changes between the bud stage and the anthesis, (the time the flower expands). Thus the color might change from pale green to reddish purple to reddish brown.
The flowers are hermaphrodite, containing male and female flowers. The fruits are usually berries with one to multiple seeds on a pendent infructescence.
The flowers of Anthurium give off a variety of fragrances, each attracting a variety of specific pollinators.
Several species are popular in the florist trade as pot plants or cut flowers and for interior decoration. They include forms such as A. crystallinum f peltifolium with its large, velvety, darkgreen leaves and silvery white venation. Most hybrids are based on A. andreanum or A. scherzerianum because of their colorful spathes.
PRODUCTION
Best growth and flowering of anthuriums depend on many factors of which potting medium, fertilizer and light levels may be considered the most important. Due to their epiphytic nature anthuriums require well-aerated soil mixes, however, the mixes need to provide sufficient moisture as well as support for the plant. Mixes successfully used in Hawaii include wood shavings, tree fern chips, macadamia nut shells, volcanic cinder, taro peel and sugarcane bagasse. Other media that have provided good anthurium growth include mixtures such as 1:1:1 peat:perlite:bark or 1:1 peat:perlite. A medium of 2:1 peat:perlite has also been suggested as good for anthurium.
A light level of 1500 to 2000 ft-candles has been proposed as best for anthurium under Florida conditions. Anthurium `Lady Jane' liners from tissue culture grew better at 1200 ft-c than at 2400 or 3600. Best growth and flowering of Anthurium `Southern Blush' in 6-inch pots was obtained with a maximum light intensity of 2000 ft-c compared to 1000 ft-c. Studies in Hawaii with cutflower cultivars showed that flower peduncles were longer and spathe size was increased at lower light levels, while flower production was increased slightly with an increase in light.
The proper fertilizer level necessary to produce anthurium depends upon production light levels. Fertilizer requirements of Osmocote 19-6-12 was 7-13 gm for good quality 6-inch pots of A. scherzeranum at light levels of 3500 ft-c compared to 1-9 gm at 1000 ft-c. A level of 5 gm Osmocote 14-14-14 per 6-inch pot was suggested for anthurium grown at 1500-2000 ft-c.

JACK FRUIT

Description:

It is a small evergreen tree growing to 10-15 m tall. The leaves are alternately arranged, elliptical, 5-25 cm long and 3-12 cm broad, often lobed onyoung trees but entire on mature trees. The flowers are produced in dense inflorescences 3-7 cm long and 1-2.5 cm broad; the male and female flowers produced on separate inflorescences, the female inflorescences commonly borne on thick branches or the trunk of the tree (cauliflory).
The fruit is huge, seldom less than about 25cm in diameter. Even a relatively thin tree (circa 10 cm) can have these huge fruits hanging on it. The fruits can reach 36kg in weight and up to 90cm long and 50 cm in diameter.The sweet yellow sheaths around the seeds are about 3-5mm thick and have a taste similar to pineapple but milder and less juicy.Jackfruit is widely grown in South and Southeast Asia and Brazil. The jackfruit is in the mulberry family Moraceae. It is also grown in parts of central and eastern Africa, Brazil, and Suriname. It is the national fruit of Bangladesh

Fruits mature 3 to 8 months from flowering.In India, a good yield is 150 large fruits per tree annually, though some trees bear as many as 250 and a fully mature tree may produce 500, these probably of medium or small size

jackfruit seeds

The seeds can be eaten cooked or baked like beans. They taste similar to chestnuts.

where jackfruit tree grow

The jackfruit tree flourishes in rich, deep soil of medium or open texture, sometimes on deep gravelly or laterite soil. It will grow, but more slowly and not as tall in shallow limestone. In India, they say that the tree grows tall and thin on sand, short and thick on stony land. It cannot tolerate "wet feet". If the roots touch water, the tree will not bear fruit or may die

Jackfruit wood is useful for furniture

It is widely used for manufacture of furniture. Jackwood is an important timber in Ceylon and India; some is exported to Europe. It changes with age from orange or yellow to brown or dark-red; is termite proof, fairly resistant to fungal and bacterial decay, seasons without difficulty, resembles mahogany and is superior to teak for furniture, construction, turnery, masts, oars, implements, brush backs and musical instruments(Indian drums mridangam and kanjira.). Its strength is 75 to 80% that of teak. Though sharp tools are needed to achieve a smooth surface, it polishes beautifully. Roots of old trees are greatly prized for carving and picture framing. Dried branches are employed to produce fire by friction in religious ceremonies in Malabar.

ROSE PLANT

DESCRIPTION: The Rose is the most popular garden flower. Highly valued for its form, fragrance and endless variety of color. Tremendous progress has been made in raising new varieties by crossbreeding and selection. New types have arisen; the season of blooming has been prolonged to such an extent that many modern varieties (including climbers) bloom intermittently or in some instances continuously throughout the summer and autumn months. Only a severe frost puts an end to their blooming season. The species of wild Roses are classed under Rosa and a few hybrids that resemble wild kinds, but for garden purposes, the remaining types are grouped in various ways: according to their habits of growth (ie., Shrub Roses, Trailers, Climbers); according to their ancestry (ie., Teas, Hybrid Teas, Hybrid Sweetbriers); according to the manner in which they are grafted, budded or trained (ie., Bushes, Standards or Trees); and in a number of other ways. These groups are not always clear. They often overlap, but are generally convenient and practicable. It's important that the person interested in Roses be familiar with the different types of Roses even though he may not be able, at sight, to place any given Rose in a specific category.
Roses are woody shrubs or vines that are prized for their stunning flowers.

ROSE FLOWER The most popular garden roses are hybrid teas and similar types of roses that are grafted onto vigorous, disease-resistant rootstock. The flowers are usually double or semi-double, sometimes fragrant, and come in just about every imaginable color except blue. The most popular garden roses are hybrid teas and similar types of roses that are grafted onto vigorous, disease-resistant rootstock. The flowers are usually double or semi-double, sometimes fragrant, and come in just about every imaginable color except blue.

ROSE-SHURB Shrub-type roses are regaining popularity due to their relatively care-free growth habit.

The British Agricultural Revolution describes a period of agricultural development in Britain between the 16th century and the mid-19th century, which saw a massive increase in agricultural productivity and net output. This in turn supported unprecedented population growth, freeing up a significant percentage of the workforce, and thereby helped drive the Industrial Revolution. How this came about is not entirely clear. In recent decades, historians cited four key changes in agricultural practices, enclosure, mechanization, four-field crop rotation, and selective breeding, and gave credit to a relatively few individuals. However, current thinking suggests that fundamental changes in workforce organization, crops and farming methods were largely responsible. For this reason, historians may argue that there was in fact no "revolution", simply a rapid evolution of methods that led to a sharp rise in productivity.

Agriculture (a term which encompasses farming) is the process of producing food, feed, fiber and other goods by the systematic raising of plants and animals.


Agri is from Latin ager ("a field"), and culture is from Latin cultura, meaning "cultivation" in the strict sense of tillage of the soil. A literal reading of the English word yields: tillage of the soil of a field. In modern usage, the word Agriculture covers all activities essential to food/feed/fiber production, including all techniques for raising and processing livestock no less than those essential to crop farming.
In some cultures, continual improvement in agricultural methods has been the key factor in the specialization of human activity.
42% of the world's laborers are employed in agriculture, making it by far the most common occupation, yet it accounts for less than 5% of the Gross World Product